Nanoemulsion can be defined as a kinetically stable clear dispersion of two immiscible phases (oil phase and water phase) in combination with surfactant molecules with droplet sizes ranging from 5 to 200 nm. Nanoemulsion is one such technique that uses a colloidal model to deliver nanosized droplets of active agents with high surface area to the affected region of skin.
Nanosized drug delivery systems have immense potential to enhance drug delivery and reduce prescribed dosages due to their increase in bioavailability. To enhance the efficiency of anti-psoriatic drug delivery and reduce its adverse side effects, researchers have implored nanotechnology to address the limitations of conventional treatments. Modern medicine has explored many approaches to treat this illness (e.g., oral intake of drugs, injections, and steroid-based creams), but all these methods fall short as they do not have a safe and optimal carrier that can deliver the anti-psoriatic drug effectively for maximum therapeutic effect. Topical psoriatic treatments such as emollients, coal tar, and dithranol are safer but have shown low efficiency and are cosmetically indifferent. However, these drugs incur numerous risks of side effects such as lip inflammation, hair loss, stomach-ache, liver damage, and kidney problem. Among the anti-psoriatic drugs used are retinoids, methotrexate, and cyclosporine. Since psoriasis is a prolonged condition, it calls for a long-term treatment. Most cases reported are of chronic plaque psoriasis in which both sexes are equally affected in their early 40s. This disease has four categories: chronic plaque, guttate, pustular, and erythroderma. Psoriasis manifests in various forms, and its classification is made on the basis of the inflammatory process undergone, localization of rash, local irritation, the severity of occurrence, and other clinical traits. Its recorded occurrences around the globe give statistics of 2–5%.
#REFRACTIVE INDEX DATABASE SURFACTANTS SKIN#
The condition causes the skin to be inflamed, thickened, scaly, and deformed. However, psoriasis is a chronic non-contagious hereditary skin disease that causes severe itching. In ancient times, psoriasis was generalized with contagious inflammatory skin disorders such as leprosy. The term psoriasis is derived from the Ancient Greek word ‘psora’, which means itch. Furthermore, an insight into the state-of-the-art methods used in formulating nanoemulsions and their progression to low-energy methods are also elaborated in detail. The review covers the pathogenic pathway of psoriasis, conventional treatments, and prospective ingredients to be used as components in the nanoemulsion formulation.
The selection of a suitable oil phase can also contribute to the anti-psoriatic effect as some oils have skin-healing properties. Glycolipid biosurfactants are specifically suited for anti-psoriatic application due to their characteristic skin-enhancing qualities. In this review, biosurfactants were introduced as a ‘greener’ alternative to their synthetic counterparts. The use of nanotechnology in this field has enhanced drug loading capacity and reduced dosage size. However, the side effects from systemic drugs and low bioavailability of topical drugs are the limitations to the treatment.
Topical methods are favored as they pose lesser side effects compared to the systemic methods. The conventional methods of psoriasis treatment include taking in systemic drugs to inhibit immunoresponses within the body or applying topical drugs onto the surface of the skin to inhibit cell proliferation. However, this seemingly harmless condition can lead to a loss of confidence and social stigmatization due to a persons’ flawed appearance. Psoriasis is a skin disease that is not lethal and does not spread through bodily contact.
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